An Interpretation Of The Fourteenth Amendment - 1711 Words

The 13th *Provides us with an interpretation of the 13th amendment. -13th amendment basically abolished slavery *Conveys to us what the Prison Industrial Complex is -â€Å"is a term used to describe the overlapping interests of government and industry that use surveillance, policing and imprisonment as solutions to economic, social and political problems† (http://www.prisonabolition.org/what-is-the-prison-industrial-complex/) *Throughout the film DuVernay maps the journey of African Americans as they endured slavery, segregation, then integration, and finally societal oppression; how they went from slavery to mass incarceration. She uses the aesthetics of sound, and lighting which are important contributors to the themes of bondage and inequality. Slavery was our country’s old economic system, therefore, when he 13th amendment freed these people, how were they supposed to rebuild their economy. People who are locked up in prison often provide the system with an extremely cheap source of labor. Furthermore, those in prison are suavely people who come from poor or low income families. Yet, they are charged high rates when talking to family members in prison. In some places, one must work and hour and a half making minimum wage in order to have a simple 10 minute phone call with someone in prison. Additionally, politicians throughout the 80’s and 90’s played a crucial role in the development of the system which exists today. Richard Nixon’s â€Å"war on drugs† is when we beganShow MoreRelated Abortion and the Privacy Amendment Essay795 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion and the Privacy Amendment nbsp; A U.S. citizens right to privacy was first discussed in an 1890 Harvard Law Review article in which two Boston lawyers, Louis Brandeis and Samuel Warren, defined it as the right to be let alone. Since then, the right to privacy has provided the basis for a stream of revolutionary and controversial constitutional interpretations by courts across the United States, culminating in the U.S. Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. Although decisionsRead MoreThe Constitutional Rights Of The United States977 Words   |  4 Pagestwenty-eighth amendment, that if ratified to the U.S. Constitution would take the constitutional rights away from all artificial entities such as corporations, and limit all campaign expenditures including the candidate s own contributions and expenditures. The Supreme Court has ruled on multiple occasions that according to the fourteenth amendment corporations are individuals that have constitutional rights. If corporations have the same rights as individual s, then under the first amendment they haveRead More 14th Amendment -EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesserve its constituents better. The most powerful constitutional act towards equality would come with the fourteenth amendment. This amendment permanently changed constitutional law by empowering the Federal government’s jurisdiction to include local and state governments which would be required to abide by new standards of civil rights and privileges. In 1791, the states ratified ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These became known as the Bill of Rights, a cornerstone in providingRead MoreThe Importance of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifthteenth Amendendments1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments of The United States Constitution were important for implementing a total reconstruction of America and the blessings of of liberty to everyone that lived within the borders or our country. These ideas of equality would be reached out to the entire population including but not limited to slaves and their descendants and all American Citizens. These Amendments were especially important to African Americans and minorities who were the main victimsRead MoreOrigins Of The United States1260 Words   |  6 Pagesthem an ideological perspective whether be it conservative or liberal of their view of the interpretation of the Constitution.1 With that ideology comes their application o f the law with respect to the myriad and complexity of cases that are heard before the Court. Two such cases in which there was witnessed a distinct ideological change in the opinion of the Supreme Court with respect to the Sixth Amendment include Betts v. Brady (1942) and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).2 These two cases ponderedRead MoreModern Applications Of Bill Of Rights1337 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Constitution. Framers, fearful of large centralized government, wrote the Bill of Rights as protection against federal government and not state government. The adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, however, blurred the lines of the Bill of Rights and the states. Through a narrow interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges and Immunity clause, slaughterhouses cases determined that individuals were not protected for state infringement and displaced the protection of individuals rightsRead MoreThe United States Constitution And Its Fundamental Laws1124 Words   |   5 Pagesthe laws are split up into amendments which clarify and secure our privileges. Among those decrees lies the Fourteenth Amendment: which is the most important, yet controversial, one of all. The Fourteenth Amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. This amendment foresees what it means to be a United States citizen and the protection and rights you deserve from the government. Ironically, controversy and debate has surrounded this amendment; which was proposed to createRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : Creation And Reconstruction1404 Words   |  6 Pageshis book titled The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction, Akhil Amar tries to offer the interpretation of the Bill Rights by evoking the world of framers of the constitution and that of the people who amended the constitution. According to Amar, there are numerous differences about the original bill of rights as they were originally framed and those that are contained in the Fourteenth Ame ndment of 1868. Amar tries to construct a theory of Bill of Rights that is comprehensive by focusing onRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1416 Words   |  6 PagesRepublican of Ohio had long been a believer in the idea of equal protection of the laws for all people, and was one of the leaders of the effort to pass the Fourteenth Amendment. While aware of the need to prove the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act with the Fourteenth Amendment, Bingham did not actually believe that the Fourteenth Amendment created any new rights. Rather, he believed that it created a new understanding of rights already in the Constitution. Bingham maintained that, â€Å"The†¦equalRead More The Bill of Rights Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagesstates had ratified the Constitution. Six states, however, sent Congress proposals for amendments, modeled on their state constitutions and designed to protect individual rights. James Madison realized that the public desire for a Bill of Rights could not be ignored. In 1789, after reviewing the state proposed amendments and the state Bill of Rights to be considered by Congress, he proposed nine amendments to be considered by Congress for insertion into the text of the Constitution. After deliberation

The Security Administration ( Tsa ) - 1133 Words

Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, congress passed sweeping changes to the security of aviation and border protection in the United States. Three agencies were significantly impacted by these changes and the aftermath of 9/11: Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Federal Air Marshal (FAM). However, 14 years later is important to review the changes which were implemented by sweeping popularity following 9/11 and evaluate their effectiveness. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was established by the Aviation and Security Act signed into law on November 19, 2001. The Aviation and Security Act required the TSA complete more than 30 mandates by the end of 2002. In March 2003, TSA was transferred to the newly established Department of Homeland Security from the Department of Transportation (Transportation Security Administration). As of 2014, the TSA has an annual budget of $7.9 Billion and employs 62,000 people. Ho wever, there is evidence that the TSA may not be effective based on the cost. George Leef, a Forbes contributor, cited a Government Accountability Office (GAO) regarding the Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques (SPOT). The SPOT program relies on the premise that government observers in airports can detect individuals who are intent on terrorism based on behavioral clues. The report issued by the GAO states that it is ineffective they concluded: â€Å"The subjectivity of the SPOTShow MoreRelatedThe Security Administration ( Tsa )2210 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Transportation Security Administration (TSA), failed to detect banned weapons in 67 of 70 tests at dozens of airports. They also failed to detect mock explosives and weapons 95% of the time. (Gardian) In August of 2014, a woman was able to board a plane at the San Jose Airport without a ticket, made it all the way to her destination before being arrested by police, and who later was determined to be a mentally dist urbed individual.Burger The most recent example of security failures happened inRead MoreThe Transportation Security Administration ( Tsa )2133 Words   |  9 Pages Introduction The Transport Security Administration (TSA) is an American agency which is under the Department of Homeland Security and it has the authority and control of all the traveling public in the USA. It was formed as a reaction to the September 11, terrorist attacks in the country. It was created under the Aviation and Transport Security Act which was supported by Don Young who was a House of representative member. It was employed into law by President George Bush on November 19, 2001Read MoreThe Transportation Security Administration ( Tsa )2389 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is a clear stain on American society. Countless examples of humiliation, unconstitutionality, and criminal abuse by the agency have been documented, while its goal of keeping Americans safe has failed during attempted attacks. The TSA’s very existence threatens the American constitution and comes at the cost of American dignity. While there are lessons to be learned from around the country and world on possible fixes to the TSA, it remains to beRead MoreThe Transportation Security Administration ( Tsa )848 Words   |  4 PagesOne of those agencies is the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), this agency is a direct result of the 9/11 events and has the responsibility for air, land and rail in an ever increasing world of transportation. Much like other security agencies, their job is to ensure freedom of movement for trade and people while mitigating any potential threat to the United States. This is achieved in a multitude of ways from check points to undercover air marshals. The very nature of their mission requiresRead MoreTsa And Transportation Security Administration916 Words   |  4 Pagesestablished a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and heighten its security throughout the transportation system, which were designed to prevent similar attacks in the future. This research paper will discuss the history of the TSA an d what it does, how TSA improve aviation security, and the cargo screening process. This paper will conclude an overall debrief of my discussion about the TSA and transportation security. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was establish in responseRead More Airport Security and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)2719 Words   |  11 Pagesof airport security has steadily increased. Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, many changes have taken place at airports to prevent such an attack from occurring again. The purpose of this paper is to: outline airport security procedures, discuss the different technologies involved with airport security, as well as examine the components of airport security. In addition I will also discuss the Transportation Security Administration’s role in our nation’s airport security. AirportRead MoreThe Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Essay790 Words   |  4 Pages The Transportation Security Administration, more commonly known as TSA, is a part of the United States Department of homeland Security that supervises and manages the safety of travelers in the United States. Unlike other government operated tasks forces such as the military or FBI whose as been in existence since (), the TSA was only recently founded twelve years ago in 2001 after the devastating terroristic attack that took place in New York city’s twin towers earlier that year. There are moreRead MoreThe Transportation security Administration (TSA) is Violating the Fourth Amendment536 Words   |  3 Pagesplease me.   It shouldn’t please anyone who lives in this country, either.   This is an important right that everyone has and should definitely be able to keep as long as they live and are citizens of the United States.    The Transportation security Administration (TSA) is violating the Fourth Amendment left and right.   They have placed full-body scanners in court houses and airports.   The federal government assured the public that pictures would not be recorded and saved from these machines.   That isRead MoreAviation Security : The Security Threat, Securing Perimeter, And The Transportation Security Administration ( Tsa )1290 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity is one of the most important departments in aviation. Without security in aviation it would be extremely vulnerable to threat, harm and accidents to passengers, employees and aircrafts. Aviation has been threatened for decades now. From bombings and hijackings since the 1960s to the recent bombing in Brussels. It wasn’t until 9/11 when America knew there was a big gap in the security infrastructure in aviation. So what exactly is aviation security? Aviation Security is techniques and methodsRead MoreThe Security Administration ( Tsa ) / 11 Terrorist Attacks On The United States1802 Words   |  8 Pagesbackground. Government has formed and initiated new programs that aim to provide more vigilance especially in areas with high volume of people such as the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Attitudes and demeanor towards non-Americans began drastically change negatively; meanwhile government focused their effects on providing security to their concerned citizens. A once presumed safe nation was now at risk for possible terrorist attacks, ongoing wars, and discrimination has been on the high rise

Following Simple Instructions Free Essays

This is a ten thousand word (military related) essay on the importance to follow simple instructions, the importance of non commissioned officers in the military, and why it is important to follow leadership whether u are in the military or another form of work in which u are under a form of leadership. I am writing this specific ten thousand word essay because i did not complete another ten thousand word essay in the certain amount of time i was given, over leave, that was assigned to me by my non commissioned officer. Unfortunately for the army, i am not the only one who has disobeyed his non commissioned officer in some way or another. We will write a custom essay sample on Following Simple Instructions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many privates, specialists and even non commissioned and commissioned officers have disobeyed their superior officers in some way or another. their superior officers could have ignored this transgression, they might have given them a non punitive punishment or they might have even resorted to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Thus subjecting them to the appropriate punishments, such as article 15, article 91, article 92, or even others that could be much more harmful or possibly less harmful to that private’s, specialist’s, non commissioned officers’ or commissioned officers’ payroll, family, free time or even his own freedom by sending him to a federal prison, such as Fort Levinworth. Here is one such non punitive action, an essay that maintains the title â€Å"Essay on Obeyeing a Lawful Order From An NCO†, done by another, i believe to be, private; â€Å"This is a 2000 word essay on the importance of obeying a lawful order from an NCO. The reason for me to be writing this essay is because I disobeyed a direct order from a senior NCO, I was told to move into the barracks by Sunday and I completely ignored this order and went along doing my own thing. It is extremely important to obey an NCO because if you don’t the consequences will be bad in doing so you are violating article 91 and article 92. The following is the elements of article 91 (1) Striking or assaulting warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer. (a) That the accused was a warrant officer or enlisted member; (b) That the accused struck or assaulted a certain warrant, noncommissioned, or petty fficer; (c) That the striking or assault was committed while the victim was in the execution of office; and (d) That the accused then knew that the person struck or assaulted was a warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer. Note: If the victim was the superior noncommissioned or petty officer of the accused, add the following elements (e) That the victim was the superior noncommissioned, or petty officer of the accused; and (f) That the accused then knew that the person struck or assaulted was the accuser’s superior non-commissioned, or petty officer. 2) Disobeying a warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer. (a) That the accused was a warrant officer or enlisted member; (b) That the accused received a certain lawful order from a certain warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer; (c) That the accused then knew that the person giving the order was a warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer; (d) That the accused had a duty to obey the order; and (e) That the accused willfully disobeyed the order. (3) Treating with contempt or being disrespectful in language or deportment toward a warrant, non-commissioned, or petty officer. a) That the accused was a warrant officer or enlisted member; (b) That the accused did or omitted certain acts, or used certain language; (c) That such behavior or language was used toward and within sight or hearing of a certain warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer; (d) That the accused then knew that the person toward whom the behavior or language was directed was a warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer; (e) That the victim was then in the execution of office; and (f) That under the circumstances the accused, by such behavior or language, treated with contempt or was disrespectful to said warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer. Note: If the victim was the superior noncommissioned, or petty officer of the accused, add the following elements (g) That the victim was the superior noncommissioned, or petty officer of the accused; and (h) That the accused then knew that the person toward whom the behavior or language was directed was the accuser’s superior noncommissioned, or petty officer. The following is an explanation of article 91 (1) In general. Article 91 has the same general objects with respect to warrant, noncommissioned, and petty officers as Articles 89 and 90 have with respect to commissioned officers, namely, to ensure obedience to their lawful orders, and to protect them from violence, insult, or disrespect. Unlike Articles 89, and 90, however, this article does not require a superior-subordinate relationship as an element of any of the offenses denounced. This article does not protect an acting noncommissioned officer or acting petty officer, nor does it protect military police or members of the shore patrol who are not warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officers. The Maximum punishment of article 91 is as follows. 1) Striking or assaulting warrant officer. Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 5 years. (2) Striking or assaulting superior noncommissioned or petty officer. Dishonorable discharge, for-feature of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 3 years. (3) Strik ing or assaulting other noncommissioned or petty officer. Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 1 year. (4) Willfully disobeying the lawful order of a warrant officer. Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 2 years. (5) Willfully disobeying the lawful order of a noncommissioned or petty officer. Bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 1 year. (6) Contempt or disrespect to warrant officer. Bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 9 months. (7) Contempt or disrespect to superior noncommissioned or petty officer. Bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 6 months. (8) Contempt or disrespect to other noncommissioned or petty officer. Forfeiture of two-thirds pay per month for 3 months, and confinement for 3 months. The following is the elements of article 92 (1) Violation of or failure to obey a lawful general order or regulation. a) That there was in effect a certain lawful general order or regulation; (b) That the accused had a duty to obey it; and (c) That the accused violated or failed to obey the order or regulation. (2) Failure to obey other lawful order. (a) That a member of the armed forces issued a certain lawful order; (b) That the accused had knowled ge of the order; (c) That the accused had a duty to obey the order; and (d) That the accused failed to obey the order. (3) Dereliction in the performance of duties. (a) That the accused had certain duties; (b) That the accused knew or reasonably should have known of the duties; and (c) That the accused was (willfully) (through neglect or culpable inefficiency) derelict in the performance of those duties. The explanation of article 92 is as follows. (1) Violation of or failure to obey a lawful general order or regulation. (a) General orders or regulations are those orders or regulations generally applicable to an armed force which are properly published by the President or the Secretary of Defense, of Transportation, or of a military department, and those orders or regulations generally applicable to the command of the officer issuing them throughout the command or a particular subdivision thereof which are issued by: (I) an officer having general court-martial jurisdiction; (ii) a general or flag officer in command; or (iii) a commander superior to (I) or (ii). b) A general order or regulation issued by a commander with authority under Article 92(1) retains its character as a general order or regulation when another officer takes command, until it expires by its own terms or is rescinded by separate action, even if it is issued by an officer who is a general or flag officer in comman d and command is assumed by another officer who is not a general or flag officer. (c) A general order or regulation is lawful unless it is contrary to the Constitution, the laws of the United States, or lawful superior orders or for some other reason is beyond the authority of the official issuing it. See the discussion of lawfulness in paragraph 14a(2). (d) Knowledge. Knowledge of a general order or regulation need not be alleged or proved, as knowledge is not an element of this offense and a lack of knowledge does not constitute a defense. (e) Enforceability. Not all provisions in general orders or regulations can be enforced under Article 92(1). Regulations which only supply general guide-lines or advice for conducting military functions may not be enforceable under Article 92(1). (2) Violation of or failure to obey other lawful order. (a) Scope. Article 92(2) includes all other lawful orders which may be issued by a member of the armed forces, violations of which are not chargeable under Article 90, 91, or 92(1). It includes the violation of written regulations which are not general regulations. See also subparagraph (1)(e) above as applicable. b) Knowledge. In order to be guilty of this offense, a person must have had actual knowledge of the order or regulation. Knowledge of the order may be proved by circumstantial evidence. (c) Duty to obey order. (I) From a superior. A member of one armed force who is senior in rank to a member of another armed force is the superior of that member with authority to issue orders which that member has a duty to obey under the same circumstances as a commissioned officer of one armed force is the superior commissioned officer of a member of an-other armed force for the purposes of Articles 89, and 90. See paragraph 13c (1). (ii) From one not a superior. Failure to obey the lawful order of one not a superior is an offense under Article 92(2), provided the accused had a duty to obey the order, such as one issued by a sentinel or a member of the armed forces police. See paragraph 15b(2) , if the order was issued by a warrant, noncommissioned, or petty officer in the execution of office. The maximum punishment of article 92 is as follows. (1) Violation or failure to obey lawful general order or regulation. Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 2 years. (2) Violation of failure to obey other lawful order. Bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 6 months. Note: For (1) and (2), above, the punishment set forth does not apply in the following cases: if in the absence of the order or regulation which was violated or not obeyed the accused would on the same facts be subject to conviction for another specific offense for which a lesser punishment is prescribed; or if the violation or failure to obey is a breach of restraint imposed as a result of an order. In these instances, the maximum punishment is that specifically prescribed else wherefore that particular offense. (3) Dereliction in the performance of duties. (A) Through neglect or culpable inefficiency. Forfeiture of two-thirds pay per month for 3 months and confinement for 3 months. (B) Willful. Bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 6 months. In knowing this I will be sure not to repeat this incident I feel the biggest problem is myself I am still trying to adapt to the army life and it is getting a little easier as the days go by I really don’t like being the jacked up soldier and I plan on changing and I plan on doing what I am told when I’m told so I can avoid getting caught up in something I cant get out of the only way I want out of the army is either with a honorable discharge or to do my time I understand that I signed a contract and raised my right hand and made an oath to my country to protect and serve no matter what the cost so I will do so by obeying all of the article to the best of my ability. I wish to pursue my Army career to the maximum amount of time possible. I hope to do at least 20 years time in service but I will most likely stay in longer. This job makes me feel proud and I really do not want to lose it. Now that I have gotten into trouble I fully understand the severity of obeying an order from the higher ups I will do my best not to get myself into this predicament again because I would rather not lose what little rank I do have I can not afford to lose that because I am struggling now trying to help my father with his financial situation and if I was to lose that I’m not sure what I would do to make up that money that I would be losing as of right now E-2 base pay is 1458. 90 and E-1 pay is 1209. 0 that is a huge difference in pay that is more than a 200 dollar difference that I defiantly can not afford to lose so I will be sure to straighten out my act so I do not lose that money this will conclude my 2000 word essay. â€Å"1 1. Anyomous (thou still a private i believe); http://www. allfreeessays. com/essays/Essay-Importan ce-Obeying-Lawful-Order-Nco/2492. html And I and this particular private are not the only ones. Every day we stupid, ignorant, and down right dumb privates think it is ok to, in some way disobey a non commissioned officer or another superior officer. But more often then not we are caught and punished, such as a series of long and difficult exercises or worse, being subject to Uniform Code of Military Justice and the harmful articles it entails. How to cite Following Simple Instructions, Papers

Distribution free essay sample

Historically, the majority of SSI products were sold to consumers through various grocery and convenience stores. Vending machines and institutional sales, such as airports, represent the remaining consumer market segments. The selling environment for candy and snack foods was becoming increasingly competitive and traditional channels of distribution were being distorted, especially in the grocery and convenience trade. Grocery and convenience stores were traditionally serviced through distributors known as candy and tobacco jobbers. These distributors purchased SSI products in large quantities and then sold them to retail stores for sale to consumers. The number of candy and tobacco jobbers was decreasing, which was distorting the traditional distribution channel. Two factors were causing this distortion. First, the wholesaler and distributor industry in general was going through consolidation as large distributors continued to get larger and more profitable, while smaller and less profitable distributors either were bought up or closed. Second, the popularity of warehouse club stores threatened candy and tobacco jobbers. Small mom-and-pop grocery or convenience stores were able to purchase many products they needed at these warehouse clubs at the same price or less than what the distributors offered. Furthermore, the warehouse clubs provided a one-stop shopping experience so that the grocery stores could purchase a wider range of products at the club store than was sold by any one candy and tobacco distributor. For example, a club store may offer a narrow selection of the most popular SSI products as well as its competitor’s products, while an individual distributor may handle SSI products exclusively. While SSI encouraged grocery and convenience stores to carry its products, regardless of whether these stores purchase products from distributors or club stores, there was a concern about how the products were serviced. Distributors provide a significant benefit in that they carry a broader line of SSI products than most club stores. Also, some candy and tobacco jobbers visit their retail customers regularly to ensure the stores remain stocked with a large variety of fresh product. In this sense, candy and tobacco jobbers provided a marketing service for SSI that is not achieved with club stores. As such, SSI began looking for an alternative channel system that would not only increase market coverage in light of the new competitive environment but also provide the important marketing service to ensure a large variety of fresh product available for consumers. To accomplish this, SSI questioned the reliance on its traditional marketing channel, as well as the typical outlets through which its products were sold. Andy Joslin, the vice president of integrated logistics, had an idea. Andy began to focus on new retail outlets where SSI products could be sold and how these sales could be uniquely managed via a new channel arrangement. It was determined that direct store delivery of SSI products could be handled by using telemarketing for order processing and small package delivery. The notion was that any retail outlet that had sufficient counter space and high customer traffic was likely to sell high-impulse snack items such as SSI products. Examples of potential retail outlets that traditionally did not carry snack items included dry cleaners, barbers and beauty shops, hardware stores, and drinking establishments. The concept is summarized in Table 1. The alternative distribution plan offers various benefits. First, it is a unique selling concept in that it provides retailers a way to increase their business through incremental sales of snack products with little risk of cannibalization by other retail outlets due to the impulse nature of the product. Furthermore, retailers are not required to make a significant capital investment to try the concept and there is little risk to the retailer if the plan fails. SSI will provide countertop units or shelving to display the products for sale and will suggest pricing for maximum sales volume and profit. The alternative distribution concept benefits SSI as well by providing market growth and exposing its products to a wider range of customers. Also, SSI will have direct contact with retailers, providing a great opportunity for testing and tracking new products while ensuring timely delivery. One potential drawback is that the retailers may feel the incremental revenue received is insufficient, which will dissuade product reordering. Also, retailers may have pilferage problems that would discourage their participation. Finally, the arrangements could threaten candy and tobacco jobbers that rely on similar retail accounts. Resentment from candy and tobacco jobbers could potentially result in decreased service to grocery and convenience stores. From initial interviews with target retailers, SSI became convinced the alternative distribution concept had merit. The next step was to evaluate whether the idea was a viable business decision in terms of retail interest versus actual participation. An internal operating plan for managing the alternative distribution program would also need to be devised to identify and determine the internal costs and potential profit. Retail Interest. The research summarized in Table 2 illustrates important considerations for retail sales. Fifteen types of retail stores were targeted for participation, and 30 product lines were considered for distribution. Estimates concerning expected retail participation and sales were a critical part of business viability. To start, SSI estimated it could contact only 20 percent of all target retailers. The remaining retailers would be approached after a 1-year test period if the alternative distribution program was successful. Two types of display units were designed as well as two reorder packages. An initial order would include two boxes shrink-wrapped together. One box would hold the product and the other would hold the display unit. Table 3 provides display and product package characteristics. Reorder packs would contain the same product weight and units as shown for the initial order. Operating Procedures. Two logistics networks are under consideration for the new channel. Both networks facilitate direct retail customer contact: no distributors are included in the channel. One network uses three distribution centers while the other uses four. Service for the first network is estimated at 2 to 4 days, with some outlying areas serviced in 5 days. Service through the second network is estimated at 1 to 3 days and to outlying areas in 4 days. The number of outlying areas is reduced under the second network. Table 4 compares the costs of both networks. The information flow would start with order entry at the telemarketing department. Retail orders would be transmitted to the appropriate distribution center and compiled each night. Orders would be picked and packed, then delivery would be arranged based on the aforementioned service levels. Summary. Before SSI can determine whether the alternative distribution concept should be initiated, it must analyze the information gathered and project the potential sales and profits. Profits must be determined for SSI as well as for the retail customers. If retailers do not make sufficient incremental profit, it is unlikely they will continue participating in the plan. A team has been assigned to perform the data analysis. Andy Joslin has identified five questions he feels are critical for the team to analyze. These questions are provided below. Questions 1. Determine the total number of retailers in the program initially as well as after the trial period. 2. Determine what the average retailer will sell on a daily basis as well as annually. Provide sales in terms of unit and dollar amounts. (Assume 260 business days per year, with 5 business days each week. ) 3. Translate the annual sales for an average retailer into the number of large packs that retailers will order per year. Repeat for the small pack order. Round if necessary. ) Include the initial order in the calculation. 4. SSI would like to determine its potential sales for the first year on the basis of the information in question 3. However, there is some concern that the estimate of average retail sales is too high. SSI assumes only 40 percent of the participating retailers will actually achieve the average sales and reorders (this group is designated as high performers). Twenty percent of the retailers are expected to have medium performance success and will only sell/reorder 75 percent of the average suggested order. Low-performing retailers represent the remaining 40 percent and will achieve half the sales/reorder expected on average. Calculate the orders (separate initial and reorder quantities) for the 6-month trial period if 45 percent of retailers exclusively order/reorder large packs and the remaining retailers exclusively order/reorder small packs. Calculate the second 6 months accounting for the dropout.